Objective: To investigate the effect of Kidney-tonifying and Wind-eliminating Granules (KWG) on ferroptosis in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) based on the SLC7a11/GPX4 pathway. Methods: Male SD rats were used to establish an IgAN animal model using bovine serum albumin, carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group, model group, low-dose and high-dose KWG groups, and telmisartan group. After 12 weeks of intervention, blood, urine and kidneys were collected for blood and urine biochemical analysis and renal pathological examination to evaluate the effect of KWG. RNA-seq, immunohistochemistry, Western Blot and other methods were used to explore the effect mechanism of KWG on ferroptosis in IgAN. Results: Compared with the model group, the high-dose KWG group significantly reduced serum creatinine, urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio, and urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (P<0.05, P<0.01). Additionally, it markedly decreased IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangial areas and improved renal pathology. RNA-seq and GSEA revealed that its therapeutic effects were significantly associated with ferroptosis (P<0.05). Furthermore, compared with the model group, the high-dose KWG group significantly reduced renal tissue Fe²⁺ and MDA levels (P<0.01 , P<0.01), elevated GSH levels (P<0.05), and markedly increased the protein expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7a11 in renal tissues (P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusion: KWG can inhibit ferroptosis in IgAN through the SLC7a11/GPX4 pathway and play the role of ‘benefit the kidney origin, relieve the wind toxicity’ of the kidney.

Objective: To observe the characteristics of intestinal microbiota in rats with copper overloaded with Wilson disease (WD) and explore the potential microbial mechanism of Gandou Fumu Decoction on liver fibrosis with WD, so as to provide evidence for optimal traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. Methods: Two-month-old SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, penicillamine group (0.13 g/kg), low-dose group (13 mL/kg), medium-dose group (26 mL/kg), high-dose group (52 mL/kg), with 10 rats in each group. Copper overloaded model was established by diet of feed with copper sulfate (1 g/kg) and drinking water with copper sulfate (0.185%). HE staining was used for liver histopathological observation; We randomly collected fecal samples in three rats from each group for 16S rDNA sequencing at 7, 14, and 28 days of treatment; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to detect the content of Cu²⁺ in serum and brain tissues. Results: There were differences in the intestinal microbiota of rats with copper overloaded WD among different groups. Compared with control group, abundance of Corynebacterium in other groups was significantly increased, and abundance of Lactobacillus decreased, and abundance of Corynebacterium in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in model group, penicillamine group, low-dose group and medium-dose group (P<0.05). Compared with model group and penicillamine group, abundance of Ligilactobacillus in medium-dose group and high-dose group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, abundance of Akkermansia in penicillamine group, medium-dose group, and high-dose group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with model group, penicillamine group, low-dose group, medium-dose group and high-dose group had significantly higher microbial network complexity, network connectivity, path length and clustering coefficient indexes, especially in the medium-dose group group. Conclusion: There is an imbalance in intestinal microbiota in rats with copper loaded WD model, and with the initiation of copper excretion treatment, the intestinal microbiota exhibits characteristic manifestations; Gandou Fumu Decoction may improve the progression of liver fibrosis in rats with copper loaded WD model by regulating intestinal microbiota.

Collaterals are an important component of the meridian and collaterals theory, but there has not been a systematic and in-depth study on the diagnosis and treatment of collaterals. This paper analyzes ancient and modern literature on collaterals, and discusses the theoretical foundation, application principles, and clinical application of collaterals from three aspects. It summarizes the current research status of collaterals theory in ancient and modern times. This paper believes that combining the network structure and function of collaterals can better understand the theory of collaterals. Classifying collaterals and meridians into yin and yang collaterals, qi and blood collaterals, and zang-fu collaterals and body collaterals can be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. By formulating the principles of ‘using collaterals to promote circulation' and ‘treating collaterals to treat blood stasis' based on the pathological changes of collaterals. Combined with the collateral principle and the classification of collaterals, it is concluded that pathological blood collaterals are the main object of collateral diagnosis. The current application technology has a certain therapeutic effect on the collaterals, cupping and scraping mostly act on the yang collaterals of the skin, it can be used to relax bowels and discharge heat, regulate qi and activities yang, moxibustion is mostly used on the yin collaterals, it can regulate the organs and tonify deficiency, the guidance can increase the accumulation and regulation function of the collaterals, collateral release can be used to regulate blood and collaterals, mainly for the stasis of collaterals.

As an earlier-written classic of traditional Chinese medicine, Nanjing occupies a crucial position in the establishment and development of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. Doctors of all dynasties have systematically investigated and annotated it through various means and achieved remarkable outcomes. Based on the systematic arrangement of over 30 annotated editions of Nanjing, this paper categorizes the approaches used by annotators of past dynasties to study Nanjing into three types: thematic essay research approach, essay deduction research approach, and annotators compile references research approach. Their functions are respectively to extract the overall framework, explain the connotation of the original text, and select representative annotated texts. Further subdivisions are made according to their characteristics under each research approach to provide references for the academic research of Nanjing.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Shenfu Qiangxin Pills in the treatment of chronic heart failure in heart-kidney yang deficiency syndrome by using metabolomics method, explore and identify its potential biomarkers. Methods:Thirty-eight participants with chronic heart failure who received treatment with Shenfu Qiangxin Pills were included, and their serum samples of baseline and after treatment were used for metabolomics testing by UHPLC (1290 Infinity LC). A total of 1 335 metabolites above Level 2 were identified, which were identified by the combination with positive ion modes and negative ion modes. Adopted partial least squares discrimination analysis, orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis for multivariate analysis, and tested the reliability of the model by using permutation test. The identified differential metabolites were subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Results:After treatment with Shenfu Qiangxin Pills, a total of 15 differential metabolites such as D-glutamine and L-homoarginine, a total of 16 KEGG pathways such as D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, Arginine biosynthesis, Pyrimidine metabolism, Purine metabolism and so on. KEGG enrichment analysis showed 6 target pathway such as Glutamatergic synapse, GABAergic synapse, D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation, Nitrogen metabolism, Arginine biosynthesis. Conclusion:Shenfu Qiangxin Pills may exert its efficacy in the treatment of chronic heart failure by regulating the amino acid metabolism.

Chinese medicine believes that the heart has the function of mastering mental activities such as spirit, consciousness, thinking and emotion, while the brain also has the function of mastering vital activities, mental activities and sensory movements. Both the heart and the brain have the function of mastering the spirit. Based on the concept of the trinity of life view, this article explains the mechanism of the heart and brain in terms of their form, qi and spirit, respectively, and demonstrates the theory that ‘the heart and brain share the mastery of the mind' and explains that the brain, which dominates human spirituality, consciousness and thinking activities, is closely related to the heart. It provides new ideas for the modern scientific analysis of Chinese medicine theories and clinical treatment of mental diseases.

Combined with the unique physiological and pathological characteristics of children, professor WANG Shouchuan believes that pediatric sweat syndrome is divided into deficiency and excess. The focus of the pathogenesis of this disease is to distinguish the nature of cold, heat, deficiency and excess, and to carefully observe the nature and location of sweating. The treatment based on syndrome differentiation is to strengthen the healthy qi and eliminate evil. In the virtual sweat, those who belong to the lung surface is not solid syndrome type, with the method of invigorating qi for consolidating superficies. Those who belong to the disharmony between ying qi and wei qi are treated with the method of harmonizing ying fen and wei fen. Those who belong to qi and yin deficiency syndrome were treated with the method of replenishing qi and nourishing yin. In the empirical sweating, those who belong to the stomach heat fumigation syndrome type are treated with the method of clearing stomach heat and resolving stagnation. Those who belong to the hot and humid forced syndrome type, with the method of clearing heat and removing dampness treatment. Two cases are attached for verification.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional bowel disease. Research suggests that the imbalance of intestinal flora is one of its fundamental pathogenesis. The associated symptoms of IBS are also observed when fecal microbiota is transplanted into germ-free animals. Thus, animal models of IBS based on humanized intestinal flora are receiving increasing attention. This paper reviewed the methods of constructing the animal models of IBS based on humanized intestinal flora, and analyzed the research progress of the pathological mechanism and therapeutic mechanism of IBS based on this model in recent years. Additionally, this paper also proposed the research strategy for constructing the animal model of humanized intestinal flora based on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of IBS and the study of traditional Chinese medicine based on the IBS animal model of humanized intestinal flora.

Tendons bundle bone, bone tensioning tendon, tendon-bone coordination is the basis of human spine and joint to maintain dynamic balance. Once the tendons and bones are out of balance, the normal function of the joint is impaired, causing knee osteoarthritis (KOA). In this study, it is found that the theory of ‘tendon-bone imbalance' is rich in connotation, including not only the abnormalities of skeletal muscle elasticity, tension, muscle strength and ligament properties, but also bone abnormalities such as osteophyte formation, knee varus and osteoporosis. At the same time, tuina can adjust the tendons and bones based on the ‘tendon-bone imbalance', and play the adjustment role of KOA ‘tendon-bone imbalance' through the tendon management and bone setting techniques. This has a positive guiding significance for further deepening the theoretical connotation of ‘tendon-bone imbalance' and its clinical application in tuina.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of effect of abdominal massage for insomnia and determine whether it is the core therapy for the treatment of insomnia. Methods:A total of 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group (FK), model group (FM), simple abdominal group (FD), abdominal therapy group (FC), drug group (FY) and drug + simple abdominal group (FT), with 12 rats in each group. Insomnia models were prepared by intraperitoneally injecting PCPA in rats of FM group and each treatment group. After successful modelling, FK and FM groups were not intervened; FD group treated with abdominal massage in the whole abdomen position; FC group treated with various massage methods containing abdominal massage; FY group treated with Zolpidem tartrate tablets (0.92 mg · kg^-1 · d^-1) by instillation; FT group treated with abdominal massage based on drug group, given daily for 14 days. After the final intervention, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) levels were analyzed by ELISA in hypothalamus of the rats in each group. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyse the structure, diversity and species differences of the gut microbiota in each group, and the Spearman correlation analysis was performed with 5-HT, DA and NE. Results:The 5-HT and DA levels were significantly reduced and the NE level was significantly increased in the hypothalamus of rats in FM group compared with FK group (P<0.05). Compared with the FM group, the 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus of rats in each treatment group were increased significantly and the NE levels were decreased (P<0.05), and the DA levels in the hypothalamus of rats in the FC, FY, and FT groups were increased significantly (P<0.05). The Chao1 index was significantly increased in both FD and FY groups compared to FM group (P<0.05), and Shannon index was increased in FD group (P<0.05). Beta diversity analyses showed that there was significant segregation between samples in FK and FM groups; At the phylum level, faecal microbiota of rats were dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; The genus level is dominated by such as Bacteroides and Lactobacillus; The phylum and genus levels obtained respectively 7 and 102 significantly different species. The level of 5-HT showed positively correlation with Lactobacillus (r=0.268, P<0.05), negatively with Bacteroides (r=-0.342, P<0.01); The level of DA showed positively negatively correlation with Bacteroides and Negativibacillus (r=-0.252, r=-0.268, P<0.05); The level of NE showed positively correlation with Alloprevotella and Negativibacillu (r=0.309, P<0.01; r=0.273, P<0.05). Conclusion:Abdominal massage is the core therapy for insomnia and the mechanism of its effect may be linked to the regulation of gut bacteria and consequently altering the level of neurotransmitter expression in the brain associated with the gut bacteria.

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of Bushen Jiangzhi Formula on ApoE^-/- mice of atherosclerosis (AS) based on transcription factor EB (TFEB)-autophagy-lysosome pathway. Methods: A total of 100 male ApoE^-/- mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: common diet group, model group, Bushen Jiangzhi Formula group, atorvastatin group (ATV) and autophagy inhibitor group (3-MA), 20 in each, with 20 male C57BL/6J mice as normal group. After 12 weeks of corresponding drug intervention, the pathological morphology and lipid accumulation of aortic sinus in mice were observed by HE and oil red O staining; contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in peripheral blood of mice were detected by biochemical assay; the protein expression and nuclear translocation of TFEB in aortic sinus were observed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence; the autophagosomes and autophagy lysosomes were observed by transmission electron microscope; the proteins expressions of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP1), P62 and microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 (LC3) in mouse aorta were detected by Western Blot. Results: Compared with model group, autophagosomes and autophagy lysosomes were found in Bushen Jiangzhi Formula group; the area of AS plaque and red-stained lipid in aortic sinus decreased significantly (P<0.01); the contents of TC, TG, LDL decreased significantly (P<0.01) while HDL increased significantly (P<0.01); the protein expression and nuclear translocation of TFEB upregulated significantly (P<0.01); the protein expression of LAMP1 and LC3 increased significantly (P<0.01) while the P62 decreased significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion: Bushen Jiangzhi Formula can effectively interfere with the treatment of AS, whose mechanism is related to regulating TFEB-autophagy-lysosome pathway.

In recent years, the incidence of primary liver cancer has been increasing worldwide, and the treatment strategies for primary liver cancer are still insufficient. Zhuang medicine is effective in the treatment of primary liver cancer, and has unique understanding and national characteristics in the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of the disease. At the same time, Zhuang medicine and its derivative compound preparations have the effects of protecting liver and reducing enzyme, improving immunity, inhibiting proliferation, migration and inducing apoptosis of liver cancer cells. This paper summarizes the characteristic theories and commonly used drugs of Zhuang medicine in the treatment of primary liver cancer, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment and drug development of primary liver cancer.

To explore the correlation between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome elements and the scores of the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) in middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A cluster random sampling method was adopted to randomly select 7 communities in the main urban area of Xixian. The middle-aged and elderly population aged 50 to 89 were selected as screening targets. MCI patients were screened based on the general information and medical history of the screened population, combined with cognitive ability testing and standardized diagnostic criteria. The correlation between TCM syndrome elements of MCI patients and MMSE and MoCA scale scores was analyzed. Results: Women had more MCI cases than men; The distribution frequency of deficiency pathological syndrome elements in MCI was kidney deficiency>marrow deficiency>yin deficiency>qi deficiency>spleen deficiency>yang deficiency>blood deficiency; The distribution frequency of empirical pathological syndrome elements was phlegm turbidity>internal heat>blood stasis>yang hyperactivity; The TCM syndrome elements of MCI were mainly characterized by two types of syndrome elements coexisting (70/206, 33.98%) and three types of syndrome elements coexisting (49/206, 23.79%); Cognitive impairment was mainly concentrated in areas such as attention and computing power, structural ability, writing ability, and delayed recall in the MMSE scale, while in the MoCA scale, it was mainly concentrated in areas such as attention, language ability, visual space and executive function, and delayed recall; The total score of MMSE was negatively correlated with yang hyperactivity (P<0.05); The immediate memory score was negatively correlated with phlegm turbidity (P<0.05); The delayed recall score was negatively correlated with marrow deficiency (P<0.05); The score of writing ability was positively correlated with deficiency (P<0.01); The score of retelling ability was positively correlated with internal heat (P<0.05); The reading ability score was negatively correlated with blood stasis (P<0.05); The score of structural ability was negatively correlated with kidney deficiency (P<0.01); The total score of MoCA was positively correlated with internal heat (P<0.01); Visual space and executive function were positively correlated with internal heat (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with blood stasis (P<0.05); The score of naming was negatively correlated with marrow deficiency (P<0.05); Attention score was positively correlated with internal heat (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with blood stasis (P<0.05); The language ability score was negatively correlated with marrow deficiency (P<0.05) and positively correlated with internal heat (P<0.01). Conclusion: TCM syndrome elements in middle-aged and elderly MCI patients are mainly concentrated in kidney deficiency, marrow deficiency, internal heat, phlegm turbidity, etc., which is the result of the interaction of multiple pathological factors. There is a certain correlation between MCI and TCM syndrome elements, but the research conclusions are not yet unified and further research is needed.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common clinical interstitial lung disease with an increasing incidence year by year, poor quality of life, and poor prognosis, ultimately leading to severe impairment of lung function or even patient death. Western drug therapy includes medications such as N-acetylcysteine, pirfenidone, and nintedanib, as well as non-drug therapies such as oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation. However, the therapeutic effect is limited. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment of IPF offers a new approach, and recent studies have shown that TCM has good efficacy in treating IPF. In this paper, we discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, and pharmacological treatment of IPF from the perspective of Chinese medicine. We also summarize the Chinese medicinal compounds, extracts, and injections that have been clinically and experimentally proven to have antifibrotic potential, further elaborating on their efficacy, mechanisms, and the progress of modern pharmacological research.

Zhenwu Decoction was first introduced by ZHANG Zhongjing in his book Shanghan Zabing Lun. It is the most commonly classical formula for the clinical treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF). The paper delves into the alignment between the symptomatic manifestations treated by Zhenwu Decoction, as per its traditional applications and characteristic pathogenesis, and those of CHF. Integrated with the pathogenic mechanisms of CHF, it systematically reviews and summarizes the roles and potential toxic side effects of five categories of active ingredients, alkaloids, terpenes, sterols, flavonoids, gingerols, and other bioactive compounds, in the therapeutic context of this condition. The discussion is augmented by an exploration of the synergistic interactions among the herbal components of Zhenwu Decoction and the holistic nature of the original formula. The objective of this study is to provide theoretical support and empirical evidence for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine formulas in the treatment of CHF, as well as to expand the utilization of classic formula.

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common and frequently-occurring disease in gynecology. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has distinct characteristics and definite curative effect. The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria for Traditional Chinese Medicine (ZY/T001.1—94) was approved and issued by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 1994 and has not been revised for more than twenty years. The revision is based on evidence-based medical evidence and adopts the research method of systematic evaluation to determine the level of evidence and the strength of recommendation, and forms an expert consensus through two rounds of Delphi expert questionnaire. On this basis, the The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria for Traditional Chinese Medicine·Primary Dysmenorrhea (Revised) was drafted to establish a standardized system for the clinical and research work of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Objective: To explore the effects of Anoectochilus roxburghii polysaccharides (ARP) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury in mice. Methods: Sixty male ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups, including control group, model group (APAP, 300 mg/kg), ARP low (200 mg/kg), high (400 mg/kg) dose group, positive drug control group (NAC, 600 mg/kg). The mice were given corresponding medicines for 7 days by intragastric administration and then additionally administered APAP (300 mg/kg) to induce acute liver injury. Liver morphology and pathology in mice were observed, and hepatocyte apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining; the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum were examined; the content of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver tissue were measured. Tumor necrosis levels such as factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B lymphoma-2 gene related X protein (Bax) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) protein expression in liver tissues were measured by Western Blot. The liver inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were examined by Real-time PCR. Results: Compared with the model group, ARP could effectively improve the pathological of liver tissue, the mice in the ARP groups showed significant decreases in the level of ALT, AST (P<0.01), but excited remarkable increases in the content of GSH and SOD (P<0.05, P<0.01). Additionally, ARP could down-regulate p38 MAPK Phosphorylation level (P<0.01), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 transcription levels (P<0.05). At the same time, the protein expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax were greatly improved in liver tissues (P<0.05). Conclusion: ARP played a protective effect on APAP-induced acute liver injury in mice, which could be related to the enhancement of antioxidant capacity in the liver, alleviation of liver inflammation, alleviation of oxidative stress and inhabitation the p38 MAPK signaling pathway activated by APAP.

This paper introduces the content of Clinical Guidelines of Acupotomy Treatment of Scapulohumeral Periarthritis. The guideline is based on research findings related to acupotomy for scapulohumeral periarthritis both domestically and internationally. Following the methods used in the development of international clinical practice guidelines, evidence from literature was selected and evaluated based on evidence-based medicine principles. An evidence grading system was established following internationally recommended assessment and development procedures, and after expert consultation, the Clinical Guidelines of Acupotomy Treatment of Scapulohumeral Periarthritis with evidence levels and recommendations were formulated. These guidelines cover definitions, diagnosis, and acupotomy treatment, with the aim of providing guidance for safe and effective clinical practice.

Objective: To investigate the effects and its potential mechanism and of oleuropein on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model and glucolipid metabolism via PPARγ signal pathway. Methods: Mouse hepatic AML12 cells induced by oleic acid were selected as NAFLD models. Cells were divided into control group, NAFLD group, positive control group and oleuropein group. The lipid accumulation of every group evaluated by oil red O staining. Binding and interaction with oleuropein and PPARγ were detected by ligand binding assay and luciferase transcriptional activity experiment in vitro. Lipid metabolic related downstream gene of PPARγ were determined by qPCR. Glucose intake level were detected by flow cytometry and biochemical analysis. Adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells were evaluated. Results: Compared with control group, NAFLD group showed mounting lipid deposition (P<0.01), PPARγ and its downstream gene mRNA increased significantly, including fatty acids uptake and fat de novo synthesis. Germpared with NAFLD group, the lipid droplets were reduced in positive control group and oleuropein group (P<0.05). Oleuropein could indirect bind PPARγ and inhibit its transcriptional activity, decrease mRNA expression levels of PPARγ/α and its downstream genes, such as CD36, Fatp1, Fabp3, SCD1, Acc1 and Fasn. In addition, oleuropein promoted the glucose uptake to a certain extent (P<0.05), and inhibit adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oleuropein could stabilize glucolipid metabolism in NAFLD cell model via directly bind PPARγ and inhibit its transcriptional activity.

Objective: To explore the neuroprotective effect of Kaixin San on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice and its effect on NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway. Methods: Forty mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal group, model group, Kaixin San group and Donepezil group, with 10 mice in each group. After 3 months intervention, Morris water maze was used to test the learning and memory ability of mice, and ELISA was used to detect the expression levels of IL-18, IL-1β and Aβ_1-42 in serum. Nissal and IHC were used to observe the pathological changes and the expression of IL-18 and IL-1β in hippocampal CA1 region. The protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 in hippocampus were detected by Western Blot. Results: Compared with the normal group, the escape latency of the model group mice was significantly prolonged, the number of crossing platforms and the target quadrant residence time were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the serum levels of Aβ_1-42, IL-18, IL-1β significantly increased (P<0.01); The number of Nissl bodies in the hippocampus decreased significantly, NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18 protein expression significantly increased (P<0.01); Compared with the model group, the escape latency of mice in the Donepezil and Kaixin San groups was significantly shortened, and the number of times they crossed the platform and the target quadrant residence time were significantly prolonged (P<0.05, P<0.01), the serum levels of Aβ_1-42, IL-18 and IL-1β were significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the number of Nissl bodies in the hippocampus was increased, and the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18 was significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: Kaixin San may play a neuroprotective role by regulating NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway to inhibit the activation of inflammasome and inhibit cell coke death.

Cracked tongue, as one of the tongue shape characteristics reflecting the deficiency and excess of Zang Fu organs and the rise and fall of qi and blood, is often used to quickly determine the existence of cracks in clinical diagnosis, and there is little in-depth discussion and analysis. Starting from the definition of the word ‘crack', this paper combs the historical origin and modern development of the word ‘crack tongue' until its emergence and application in disease diagnosis, analyzes the causes of crack tongue under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory, points out how crack tongue can help identify the disease position in tongue diagnosis, and proposes that crack tongue and tongue lines can be distinguished in detail in diseases, especially chronic diseases, in order to improve researchers' attention and application of the characteristics of crack tongue lines, It is a new path for disease diagnosis and treatment, syndrome identification and evolution law exploration.

Sarcopenia is a complex age-related syndrome primarily characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and decline in muscle function. Current studies report significant variations in its prevalence, while the underlying pathogenesis remains multifaceted and overlapping. Due to the absence of specific clinical manifestations, there are notable differences in the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia at the international level. Although research on sarcopenia is still in its early exploratory stages, therapeutic approaches are gradually being translated into clinical applications. This article provides a comprehensive review of the existing consensus and literature on sarcopenia, with a focus on its definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies.

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanisms of Baojin Chenfei Formula (BCF) on SiO₂-induced silicosis by inhibiting M2 polarization of macrophages via regulating mTORC2-AKT-IRF4 signal. Methods: Thirty-two SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, tetrandrine group (27 mg·kg^-1·d^-1), and BCF group (9.72 g·kg^-1·d^-1), 8 in each group. The experimental silicosis model was established by intratracheal injection with SiO₂ suspension (50 mg/mL). From the week 7, silicosis rats were treated with tetrandrine or BCF for 2 weeks. The changes of pulmonary function were detected.The pathological changes and collagen deposition of lung tissue were analyzed by HE and Masson staining. The protein levels of COL-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅲ, CD68, CD206 and TGF-β1 expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein levels of CD206, ARG-1, mTOR, AKT, p-mTOR^ser2481, p-AKT^ser473 and IRF4 were detected by Western blot. The mRNA levels of CD206 and ARG-1 expressions were detected by Real time PCR. Results: Compared with the normal group, the pulmonary function including VC, TV, Cdyn and Cchord were significantly decreased in the model group (P<0.01); the alveolar structure of model rats was damaged and a large number of inflammatory cells were infiltrated; the protein levels of COL-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅲ, CD68, CD206 and TGF-β1 were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the pulmonary function TV, VC, Cchord and Cydn were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01); the pathological changes of the lung tissue were improved; the expressions of COL-Ⅰ,COL-Ⅲ, macrophage markers and fibrosis promoting factor was significantly reduced in BCF-treated rats (P<0.01). In addition, the mRNA and protein of CD206, ARG-1, as well as the protein levels of p-mTOR^ser2481, p-AKT^ser473, and IRF4, the M2 polarization markers significantly increased in macrophages induced by IL-4 (P<0.05, P<0.01); these changes were significantly inhibited by BCF treatment of high concentration (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: BCF could improve pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis rat induced by SiO₂, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of M2 polarization of macrophages via suppressing mTOR signal.

Objective: To investigate the active ingredients, targets and mechanisms of action of Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. against gastric cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, and to further validate them through in vitro cellular assays. Methods: The aqueous extracts of Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. were analyzed and identified by UPLC-MS/MS. The active ingredients and targets of Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. for the treatment of gastric cancer were screened based on these ingredients using network pharmacology tools to construct an ‘active ingredient-target’ network and to predict the relevant signaling pathways. In vitro cellular assays were performed to detect the Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. on the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of gastric cancer MGC-803 cells, and the changes in protein expression by Western Blot. Results: The network pharmacological analysis showed that Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. could play a role in killing gastric cancer cells by acting on the core targets of the PI3K-Akt pathway and other pathways through key components such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester and gossypol, and so on. The results of the cell experiment demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the water extract of Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation activity of MGC-803 gastric cancer cells and effectively induced cellular apoptosis within a concentration range of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 mg/mL. Furthermore, at concentrations of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 mg/mL, the water extract of Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. significantly suppressed both migration and invasion abilities of MGC-803 cells. Western Blot analysis revealed a downward trend in the expression levels of p-Akt, Bcl-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 proteins in cells treated by of Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl., there was a notable increase in pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Elsholtzia rugulosa Hemsl. can achieve anti-gastric cancer pharmacological effects through multi-component, multi-target and regulation of PI3K-Akt pathway.

The issue of canonization is a significant topic in the study of the history of traditional Chinese medicine thought. This paper intends to focus on one of the most controversial academic cases in the canonization process of Huangdi Neijing: the supplement of the Seven Articles of Yun-qi. By thoroughly considering the profound tension between its philological positioning and its historical academic impact, this study integrates the ‘internal cause' dimension of the evolution of the ideological text itself with the ‘external cause' dimension of the academic tendencies of the Song dynasty. It argues the legitimacy of including the Seven Articles of Yun-qi into the canonical text system, explores its significance and value in the canonization process of Huangdi Neijing, and thereby reflects on the ideological core and implications of ‘canonical' in the context of traditional Chinese medicine.

Diabetes mellitus can cause multiple organ damage including brain, kidney, heart and peripheral nerve, and even have the risk of disability and death. At present, there is a lack of safe and effective chemical drugs for the treatment of diabetic complications in clinical practices, and there are many problems in symptomatic treatment. This review firstly summarized the representative studies of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of diabetic complications, and it is found that traditional Chinese medicine can exhibit beneficial effects by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, alleviating oxidative stress, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. Meanwhile, considering most pharmacological researches in this field were not according to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, taking the pathogenesis of diabetic complications ‘the injury of collaterals by toxins’ as an example, this paper put forward the hypothesis of the biological basis of ‘endogenous toxin’, and carried out various researches on classical traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions with detoxification effects, in order to provide theoretical basis and scientific data for the treatment of diabetic complications.

The article discusses the process and mechanism of the formation of the five colors and eight trigrams therapy for the Cunkou pulse from both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine perspectives. The therapy originated from the relationship between yin and yang, five elements, five organs, and five colors, as well as the relationship between the Cunkou pulse and the acquired eight trigrams, as well as the influence of modern colors and optics on the body. Through clinical practice, it has been found that the Cunkou pulse is not only an information output window for diagnosis of diseases and syndrome differentiation, but also an input window for treating diseases through the regulation of visceral qi and blood with five colors.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism by which Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived nanometer vesicles (SDNV) inhibit the formation of smooth muscle cell-derived foam cells induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) via the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signal pathway. Methods: Transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to identify SDNV extracted by ultra-high speed differential centrifugation method. The foam cell model was established by using MOVAS mouse aortic smooth muscle cell line and oxidized low density lipoprotein. The uptake of SDNV by MOVAS cells was observed by confocal laser. The effect of SDNV on the survival rate of MOVAS cells was detected by CCK8 method. The cells were divided into control group, model group, SDNV group and simvastatin group. The contents of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) in each group were detected by microplate method, and the CE/TC ratio was calculated. The intracellular lipid accumulation in each group was observed by oil red O staining. The protein expression levels of PPAR-γ, LXR-α and ABCA1 in cells of each group were analyzed by Western Blot. Results: SDNV was identified by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis to meet the requirements of characterization and particle size of nanovesicles. The laser confocal observation showed that SDNV could be taken up by MOVAS cells. The results of CCK8 experiment showed that SDNV had no obvious toxicity to MOVAS cells. Oil red O staining and CE/TC values showed that SDNV could inhibit the accumulation of lipids and the formation of foam cells in MOVAS cells. Compared with the model group, the protein expression levels of PPAR-γ, LXR-α and ABCA1 in SDNV group significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion: SDNV can inhibit the formation of smooth muscle derived foam cells through PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 signal pathway, and then prevent atherosclerosis.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved from early machine learning to the current era of large models and has become a vital enabler for global economic and social development. As a representative of advanced information technology, AI is emerging as a driving force in the preservation and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges and urgent issues faced by AI technology in TCM research, especially in diagnosis. It examines how AI has contributed to making the four diagnostic methods of TCM more objective and modernized. The goal is to offer insights into the information and modernized development of TCM diagnostics within the context of large-scale AI models, thereby enhancing the role of TCM in advancing the goal of a healthy China.

Based on the theory of classical prescription medicine and ancient books of Han and Tang dynasties, this paper discusses the formation process of Shaoyang disease and Jueyin disease, and explains the relationship between the two from the perspectives of meridians, pathogenesis and prescriptions, so as to provide a basis for the systematic differentiation and treatment of ‘semi-syndrome’. On the basis of ‘wei qi ying xue jing’, the ‘semi-syndrome’ was divided into five stages for differentiation and treatment. Among them, the ‘semi-syndrome’ Weifen is mainly based on Chaihu Guizhi Decoction, the Qifen is mainly based on Xiaochaihu Decoction, the Xuefen and Yingfen are respectively treated with Xiaoqianhu Decoction and Wumei Pill, and the Jingfen can be treated with Zengsunshenli Decoction. The systematic study of ‘semi-syndrome’ has expanded the development law and prescription of Shaoyang disease and Jueyin disease, and made the differentiation and treatment of the two diseases in clinical practice tend to be systematic, providing new ideas and perspectives for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the two diseases.

Objective:To explore the protective effect and mechanism of Jiannao Guben Formula (JNGB) on the neurovascular unit (NVU) in rats with cerebral small vessel cognitive impairment (CSVCI). Methods:The CSVCI rat model was prepared using bilateral common carotid artery occulsion method. The rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, donepezil group and JNGB group, with 8 rats in each group. Rats in the sham group and model group were given normal saline by gavage, while rats in the donepezil group and JNGB group were given donepezil suspension and JNGB by gavage respectively.After 4 weeks of administration, the Morris water maze was performed to examine the learning and memory abilities of the rats. HE, Nissl and LFB staining were performed to observe the pathological changes of cortical neurons and myelin sheath. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence were used to detect proteins expression of Claudin5, Occludin, vWF, ICAM-1, MBP, GFAP and IBA1 in rats. Results:Compared with the model group, the average escape latency of the water maze of the rats in the JNGB group decreased (P<0.05) and the distance ratio of platform area and the number of times crossed the platform increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). The pathological changes of neurons were ameliorated, the number of Nissl bodies was increased, and the myelin sheaths of corpus callosum were denser and regular. Furthermore, JNGB supplement could increase the protein expressions of MBP, Claudin-5, Occludin (P<0.05, P<0.01) and decrease the expression of vWF, ICAM-1, GFAP and IBA1 (P<0.01, P<0.05). Besides, the distance between activated astrocytes and microglia was increased, and the interaction was reduced. Conclusion:There are NVU damages in CSVCI rats, which is accordance with the theory of ‘toxic damage to the brain meridians', and JNGB can improve cognitive function by repairing NVU damage.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of astragaloside intervention in the autophagy of asthma models with cold retention accumulation in lung. Methods:Forty SPF-grade male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, model group, astragaloside group, and rapamycin group, with 10 rats in each group. An asthma model with cold rheum accumulating in lung was established, and corresponding treatments were administered: astragaloside (10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) and rapamycin (0.01 mg·kg^-1·d^-1). Changes in body weight were observed, and inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13] in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. Pathological changes in lung tissue, autophagic bodies in lung tissue, and intestinal tissue changes were examined. PCR and Western blot analyses were conducted to detect the levels of autophagy genes (Beclin1, LC3, mTOR mRNA) and proteins (LC3 II/I, Beclin1, mTOR). Results:Compared to the control group, the model group showed inflammatory infiltration, hemorrhage, and cell shedding in lung and airway tissues. The expression levels of interleukins (IL)-4 and IL-13 in BALF significantly increased (P<0.01), while the mRNA expressions of autophagy genes LC3 and Beclin 1 in lung tissue significantly decreased (P<0.01). The relative expression of autophagy proteins LC3 II/I and Beclin 1 also significantly declined (P<0.05), while mTOR mRNA and protein levels significantly increased (P<0.01). In the treatment groups, administration of astragaloside and rapamycin led to varying degrees of improvement in all indicators, with the astragaloside group showing the best effects. Conclusion:Astragaloside enhances autophagy in rats with asthma due to cold rheum accumulating in lung, facilitating the clearance of necrotic foreign substances in the airways, reducing airway inflammatory responses, and improving the body's ability to regulate gas exchange, thus alleviating airway inflammation.

Epimedium has the effects such as tonify kidney yang, strengthening bones and muscles, and dispelling wind and dampness. In this paper, the chemical composition and geo-herbalism analysis techniques of Epimedium were reviewed by consulting domestic and foreign literature. At the same time, combined with the concept of quality markers of traditional Chinese medicine, the quality markers of Epimedium were predicted and analyzed. It is suggested that eight isopentenyl flavonoids and flavonoid glycoside, neutral and acid polysaccharides, alkaloids, long-chain fatty acids, trace elements zinc and manganese might be the quality markers of Epimedium, which provides a scientific basis for the quality evaluation and clinical treatment of Epimedium.

Objective: To develop a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assisted decision-making model for diagnosing Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) through machine learning techniques, with the goal of aiding healthcare providers in TCM syndrome differentiation during clinical practice. Methods: A dataset was compiled using data from 611 patients diagnosed with SS in the rheumatology and immunology department of Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, between September 2022 and December 2023. These data samples were split into training and testing sets at an 8∶2 ratio. The Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithm was utilized to construct multiclass and binary differentiation diagnosis models. Model performance was assessed using metrics like precision, recall, F1 score and accuracy. Results: The multi-classification differentiation model achieves an accuracy of 0.78. Using ‘qi-yin deficiency’ as the reference model, four differential diagnosis models were constructed. The accuracy of the differentiation diagnostic model is as follows: 0.95 for ‘qi-yin deficiency-phlegm-heat accumulation’, 0.94 for ‘qi-yin deficiency-qi deficiency and blood stasis’, 0.85 for ‘qi-yin deficiency-yin deficiency and damp-heat’, and 0.92 for ‘qi-yin deficiency-liver qi stagnation’. Conclusion: The GBDT model demonstrated heightened accuracy in developing the binary differentiation diagnosis model, indicating the feasibility of establishing a TCM model for diagnosing and treating SS. This model has the potential to aid clinicians in TCM differentiation and treatment decisions by quantifying diagnostic outcomes objectively, thereby enhancing diagnostic efficiency and accuracy.

Xuanfu is originated from Huangdi Neijing, and developed by LIU Wansu afterwards. CHEN Dafu combined the theory of Liujing and Xuanfu to develop ophthalmology in Chinese medicine. In the recent decade, professor WANG Mingjie further expanded the definition of Xuanfu and systematically raised Xuanfu theory. It is the most subtle understanding of the structure of the human body in Chinese medicine, and contains the functions of qi, blood, fluid, and spirit rising and falling. The emergence of Xuanfu can be traced back to the Neijing era of ‘body-spirit syncretis and Dao-qi fusion’. The current researches focus on the structural properties of the Xuanfu, which are of vital importance to broaden the structural and conceptual characteristics of Xunfu. At the same time, the research on ‘spirit’ and ‘Tao’ is relatively few, which has not attracted the attention of scholarly field. Based on the connotation and development logic of the Xuanfu theory, this article discusses the unity of understanding of the Xuanfu theory of ‘body-spirit syncretism’ and ‘Dao-qi fusion’, and provides a basis for the future development of the Xuanfu theory and even the theory of Chinese medicine.

Objective: To observe the effects of herb-partitioned moxibustion on the navel in diarrhea symptoms, visceral sensitivity index and TRPV1, SP and CGRP in colon tissue of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) rats to explore its curative effect and mechanism. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, herb-partitioned moxibustion navel group, herb-partitioned moxibustion navel+TRPV1 antagonist group. After treatment, the diarrhea symptoms of rats in each group were observed, abdominal wall withdrawal reflex score (AWR), the expression of TRPV1, SP, CGRP protein and mRNA in the colon of rats in each group were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay and immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technology. Results: Compared with the control group, diarrhea symptoms, AWR score and the protein and mRNA expressions of TRPV1, SP and CGRP in colon tissue of rats in model group were significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with model group, the above indexes were significantly improved after herb-partitioned moxibustion on the navel (P<0.01). The curative effect of herb-partitioned moxibustion on the navel was better than that of herb-partitioned moxibustion on the navel+TRPV1 antagonist group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusion: Herb-partitioned moxibustion on the navel can effectively improve diarrhea symptoms in rats with IBS-D, down-regulate the expression levels of TRPV1, SP and CGRP in colon tissue, and effectively alleviate visceral hypersensitivity. The mechanism may be related to TRPV1 ion channel.